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Текст оригинала - немецкий § 118 Mangel der Ernstlichkeit
Eine nicht ernstlich gemeinte Willenserklärung, die in der Erwartung abgegeben wird, der Mangel der Ernstlichkeit werde nicht verkannt werden, ist nichtig.
§ 119 Anfechtbarkeit wegen Irrtums
(1) Wer bei der Abgabe einer Willenserklärung über deren Inhalt im Irrtum war oder eine Erklärung dieses Inhalts überhaupt nicht abgeben wollte, kann die Erklärung anfechten, wenn anzunehmen ist, dass er sie bei Kenntnis der Sachlage und bei verständiger Würdigung des Falles nicht abgegeben haben würde.
(2) Als Irrtum über den Inhalt der Erklärung gilt auch der Irrtum über solche Eigenschaften der Person oder der Sache, die im Verkehr als wesentlich angesehen werden.
§ 120 Anfechtbarkeit wegen falscher Übermittlung
Eine Willenserklärung, welche durch die zur Übermittlung verwendete Person oder Einrichtung unrichtig übermittelt worden ist, kann unter der gleichen Voraussetzung angefochten werden wie nach § 119 eine irrtümlich abgegebene Willenserklärung.
§ 122 Schadensersatzpflicht des Anfechtenden
(1) Ist eine Willenserklärung nach § 118 nichtig oder auf Grund der §§ 119, 120 angefochten, so hat der Erklärende, wenn die Erklärung einem anderen gegenüber abzugeben war, diesem, andernfalls jedem Dritten den Schaden zu ersetzen, den der andere oder der Dritte dadurch erleidet, dass er auf die Gültigkeit der Erklärung vertraut, jedoch nicht über den Betrag des Interesses hinaus, welches der andere oder der Dritte an der Gültigkeit der Erklärung hat.
(2) Die Schadensersatzpflicht tritt nicht ein, wenn der Beschädigte den Grund der Nichtigkeit oder der Anfechtbarkeit kannte oder infolge von Fahrlässigkeit nicht kannte (kennen musste).
§ 179 Haftung des Vertreters ohne Vertretungsmacht
(1) Wer als Vertreter einen Vertrag geschlossen hat, ist, sofern er nicht seine Vertretungsmacht nachweist, dem anderen Teil nach dessen Wahl zur Erfüllung oder zum Schadensersatz verpflichtet, wenn der Vertretene die Genehmigung des Vertrags verweigert.
(2) Hat der Vertreter den Mangel der Vertretungsmacht nicht gekannt, so ist er nur zum Ersatz desjenigen Schadens verpflichtet, welchen der andere Teil dadurch erleidet, dass er auf die Vertretungsmacht vertraut, jedoch nicht über den Betrag des Interesses hinaus, welches der andere Teil an der Wirksamkeit des Vertrags hat.
(3) Der Vertreter haftet nicht, wenn der andere Teil den Mangel der Vertretungsmacht kannte oder kennen musste. Der Vertreter haftet auch dann nicht, wenn er in der Geschäftsfähigkeit beschränkt war, es sei denn, dass er mit Zustimmung seines gesetzlichen Vertreters gehandelt hat.
§ 280 Schadensersatz wegen Pflichtverletzung
(1) Verletzt der Schuldner eine Pflicht aus dem Schuldverhältnis, so kann der Gläubiger Ersatz des hierdurch entstehenden Schadens verlangen. Dies gilt nicht, wenn der Schuldner die Pflichtverletzung nicht zu vertreten hat.
(2) Schadensersatz wegen Verzögerung der Leistung kann der Gläubiger nur unter der zusätzlichen Voraussetzung des § 286 verlangen.
(3) Schadensersatz statt der Leistung kann der Gläubiger nur unter den zusätzlichen Voraussetzungen des § 281, des § 282 oder des § 283 verlangen.
§ 311 Rechtsgeschäftliche und rechtsgeschäftsähnliche Schuldverhältnisse
(1) Zur Begründung eines Schuldverhältnisses durch Rechtsgeschäft sowie zur Änderung des Inhalts eines Schuldverhältnisses ist ein Vertrag zwischen den Beteiligten erforderlich, soweit nicht das Gesetz ein anderes vorschreibt.
(2) Ein Schuldverhältnis mit Pflichten nach § 241 Abs. 2 entsteht auch durch
1. die Aufnahme von Vertragsverhandlungen,
2. die Anbahnung eines Vertrags, bei welcher der eine Teil im Hinblick auf eine etwaige rechtsgeschäftliche Beziehung dem anderen Teil die Möglichkeit zur Einwirkung auf seine Rechte, Rechtsgüter und Interessen gewährt oder ihm diese anvertraut, oder
3. ähnliche geschäftliche Kontakte.
(3) Ein Schuldverhältnis mit Pflichten nach § 241 Abs. 2 kann auch zu Personen entstehen, die nicht selbst Vertragspartei werden sollen. Ein solches Schuldverhältnis entsteht insbesondere, wenn der Dritte in besonderem Maße Vertrauen für sich in Anspruch nimmt und dadurch die Vertragsverhandlungen oder den Vertragsschluss erheblich beeinflusst.
§ 311a Leistungshindernis bei Vertragsschluss
(1) Der Wirksamkeit eines Vertrags steht es nicht entgegen, dass der Schuldner nach § 275 Abs. 1 bis 3 nicht zu leisten braucht und das Leistungshindernis schon bei Vertragsschluss vorliegt.
(2) Der Gläubiger kann nach seiner Wahl Schadensersatz statt der Leistung oder Ersatz seiner Aufwendungen in dem in § 284 bestimmten Umfang verlangen. Dies gilt nicht, wenn der Schuldner das Leistungshindernis bei Vertragsschluss nicht kannte und seine Unkenntnis auch nicht zu vertreten hat. § 281 Abs. 1 Satz 2 und 3 und Abs. 5 findet entsprechende Anwendung.
§ 437 Rechte des Käufers bei Mängeln
Ist die Sache mangelhaft, kann der Käufer, wenn die Voraussetzungen der folgenden Vorschriften vorliegen und soweit nicht ein anderes bestimmt ist,
1. nach § 439 Nacherfüllung verlangen,
2. nach den §§ 440, 323 und 326 Abs. 5 von dem Vertrag zurücktreten oder nach § 441 den Kaufpreis mindern und
3. nach den §§ 440, 280, 281, 283 und 311a Schadensersatz oder nach § 284 Ersatz vergeblicher Aufwendungen verlangen.
§ 663 Anzeigepflicht bei Ablehnung
Wer zur Besorgung gewisser Geschäfte öffentlich bestellt ist oder sich öffentlich erboten hat, ist, wenn er einen auf solche Geschäfte gerichteten Auftrag nicht annimmt, verpflichtet, die Ablehnung dem Auftraggeber unverzüglich anzuzeigen. Das Gleiche gilt, wenn sich jemand dem Auftraggeber gegenüber zur Besorgung gewisser Geschäfte erboten hat.
§ 831 Haftung für den Verrichtungsgehilfen
(1) Wer einen anderen zu einer Verrichtung bestellt, ist zum Ersatz des Schadens verpflichtet, den der andere in Ausführung der Verrichtung einem Dritten widerrechtlich zufügt. Die Ersatzpflicht tritt nicht ein, wenn der Geschäftsherr bei der Auswahl der bestellten Person und, sofern er Vorrichtungen oder Gerätschaften zu beschaffen oder die Ausführung der Verrichtung zu leiten hat, bei der Beschaffung oder der Leitung die im Verkehr erforderliche Sorgfalt beobachtet oder wenn der Schaden auch bei Anwendung dieser Sorgfalt entstanden sein würde.
(2) Die gleiche Verantwortlichkeit trifft denjenigen, welcher für den Geschäftsherrn die Besorgung eines der im Absatz 1 Satz 2 bezeichneten Geschäfte durch Vertrag übernimmt.
Перевод - английский § 118 Lack of seriousness
A statement of intent that is not meant seriously, which is made in the expectation that such statement would not be misunderstood to be serious, is void.
§ 119 Voidability due to mistake
(1) A person who, when making a statement of intent, is mistaken as to its content or did not at all intend to make a statement of the content of the statement that was actually made, may void the statment if it appears that such person would not have made such statement if he had been aware of the facts and made a reasoned evaluation of them.
(2) A mistake as to such characteristics of the person or the object as are considered material in the normal course of dealing shall also be deemed to constitute a mistake.
§ 120 Voidability due to incorrect transmission
A statement of intent that was incorrectly transmitted by the person or entity charged with its transmission may be voided pursuant to the requirements of § 119 for statements of intent mistakenly made.
§ 122 Voider's duty to compensate
(1) If a statement of intent is void pursuant to § 118 or voided pursuant to §§ 119, 120, the person who made the statement of intent shall be liable to compensate the person to whom the statement was required to be made, if the statement was required to be made to a specific person, or, otherwise, to compensate any third party for any damage incurred by such person or such third party in reliance on the validity of the statement; provided, however, that liability shall not extend beyond the interest of such person or such third party in the validity of the statement.
(2) There shall be no duty to compensate if the person who suffered damage was aware of the grounds for voiding the statement, or was unaware of them due to negligence (should have been aware of them).
§ 179 Liability of unauthorised agents
(1) An agent who, in concluding an agreement on behalf of another, fails to prove that he is authorised to represent such other, is liable, at the election of such other party, either to specifically perform such agreement or to compensation, if the principal refuses to authorise the conclusion of the agreement.
(2) If the agent was unaware of the lack of authorisation, the agent shall only be liable to compensate such damage as is incurred by the other party in reliance on the authorisation; however, the amount of such compensation shall not exceed the amount of the interest of the other party in the enforceability of the agreement.
(3) The agent shall not be liable if the other party knew or should have known of the lack of authorisation. Nor shall the agent be liable if his ability to conduct his own affairs has been limited, unless he acted with the consent of his legal representative.
§ 280 Compensation for breach of duty
(1) If the debtor breaches a duty arising out of the obligation, the creditor shall be entitled to compensation for the damages arising from such breach. The foregoing shall not apply if the debtor is without fault in the breach of duty.
(2) The creditor shall only be entitled to compensation for delayed performance under the additional requirements of § 286 .
(3) The creditor shall only be entitled to compensation in lieu of specific performance under the additional requirements of § 281, § 282 or § 283.
§ 311 Transactional and quasi-transactional obligations
(1) Unless otherwise provided by law, there must be a contract between the parties to a transaction in order for a transaction to create a relationship of obligation, and in order to modify the terms of a relationship of obligation.
(2) A relationship of obligation with the duties enumerated in § 241 II may also be created by
1. the initiation of contract negotiations,
2. the invitation to form a contract, if one party entrusts to the other party his rights, legal goods, and interests or allows the other party to influence such rights, legal goods, and interests in contemplation of a future transactional relationship , or
3. similar business contacts.
(3) A relationship with the obligations enumerated in § 241 Abs. 2 can also arise for persons who are not themselves intended to become parties to the contemplated contract. Such a relationship shall arise, inter alia, in cases in which such third party accepts a special trust or substantially influences the conclusion of the contract.
§ 311a Inability to perform at time of conclusion of contract
(1) The fact that the debtor is not obligated to perform on a contract pursuant to § 275 I - III and such inability to perform exists at the time of conclusion of the contract does not affect the enforceability of the contract.
(2) At the election of the creditor, the creditor may require compensation in lieu of performance or compensation for expenses incurred within the limitations of § 284 . The foregoing does not apply if the debtor was unaware of the inability to perform at the time of conclusion and is not at fault for such unawareness. § 281 I Sent. 2 and 3 and V shall apply accordingly.
§ 437 Buyer's rights in case of defects
If the object is defective, the buyer may do the following, if the requirements of the respective provisions are fulfilled and unless other rights are elsewhere provided:
1. request replacements pursuant to § 439 ,
2. rescind the contract pursuant to §§ 440, 323 and 326 Abs. 5 or reduce the purchase price pursuant to § 441 and
3. request compensation pursuant to §§ 440, 280, 281, 283 and 311a or compensation for expenses incurred pursuant to § 284 .
§ 663 Duty to report refusal
A person who is publicly licensed to procure certain transactions or has publicly offered to do so, shall, if he does not accept an assignment to procure such transactions, timely inform the person offering the assignment of such refusal. The foregoing also applies if a person has made an offer directly to the person offering the assignment to procure certain transactions.
§ 831 Vicarious liability for employees
(1) A person who appoints another to perform a task is liable to compensate for the damage such other unlawfully causes to a third party while performing such task. No duty to compensate shall arise if the employer exercised due care in selecting and supervising such employee, or if the damage would have arisen even if due care were exercised.
(2) The foregoing paragraph shall also apply to a person who contractually undertakes to procure one of the transactions enumerated in par. 1 sent. 2.
японский => английский: Japanese Habeas Corpus Act
Текст оригинала - японский 昭和23年7月30日 法律第199号
昭和23年9月28日 施行
Перевод - английский 30 July 1949, Law No. 199
Entered into force 28 September 1949
§ 1
This Act shall have as its purpose to ensure that persons unlawfully deprived of liberty are freed from unlawful custody in speedy, simple judicial proceedings, in accordance with the Japanese Constitution's stated purpose of protecting fundamental human rights.
§ 2
1
Persons held in custody in violation of due process of law may obtain relief pursuant to this Act.
2
Any person may file a petition for relief pursuant to paragraph 1 of this section on behalf of a prisoner.
§ 3
A petition filed pursuant to § 2 may only be filed by and through an attorney. However, if extraordinary circumstances require, the petition may be filed by the petitioner acting pro se .
§4
A petition pursuant to § 2 may be made orally or in writing at the Superior Court or District Court having jurisdiction over the prisoner, the custodian, or the petitioner.
§5
The petition shall allege and document the following:
1
Name of the prisoner
2
Purpose of petition
3
The fact that the petitioner or the person on whose behalf the petition is filed is being held in custody
4
The custodian, if known
5
The location at which the petitioner or person on whose behalf the petition is filed is being held in custody.
§6
The Court shall decide the petition pursuant to §2 in a timely fashion.
§7
If the petition does not meet the requirements of § 5 or does not include documentation, the Court may enter an order denying the petition.
§8
Upon the filing of a petition pursuant to § 2, the Court, upon the motion of the petitioner or sua sponte, may transfer the matter to any other court having jurisdiction if the Court deems such transfer to be proper.
§9
1
Except as provided in § 2, the Court shall timely hear the testimony of the custodian, the prisoner, the petitioner, the petitioner's counsel, and any other party to the matter in preparation for the evidentiary hearing, and may make any other necessary inquiries into the reasons for which the prisoner is being held in custody, as well as other matters.
2
The inquiry provided for in paragraph 1 of this section may be carried out by a member of a division of the Court.
§10
1
If the Court deems it necessary, before entering a decision pursuant to § 16, the Court may enter an order releasing the prisoner pending final determination of the merits of the petition on the condition that the prisoner take an oath to appear before the Court at any time the Court so orders, or on any other conditions the Court deems proper, and may take any other action it deems appropriate.
2
If prisoner released pursuant to paragraph 1 of this section fails to appear when so ordered by the Court, the Court may order that the prisoner be detained.
§11
1
If, upon completion of the preliminary inquiry, it appears that the petition is clearly without merit, the Court may enter an order dismissing the petition without holding a hearing.
2
If the Court enters an order pursuant to paragraph 1 of this section, any order entered pursuant to § 10 shall be vacated, and the prisoner shall be ordered to appear before the Court to be taken into custody by the custodian.
§12
1
Except as provided in § 7 or § 11, the Court shall set a date and location for a hearing, and shall serve the petitioner, petitioner's counsel, the prisoner, and the custodian with notice to appear.
2
The Court shall order the custodian to present the prisoner on the date and at the location set pursuant to paragraph 1, and to file a return to the petition, in which the custodian shall set forth the date, location, and cause of the prisoner's incarceration.
3
An order pursuant to paragraph 2 shall inform the custodian of the possibility of imprisonment for failure to comply with such order and of a fine not to exceed five hundred yen for each day such noncompliance continues.
4
There shall be a period of three days between the service of the order and the date of the hearing. The date of the hearing shall be no more than one week from the date on which the petition was filed pursuant to § 2. However, this period may be extended or shortened if special circumstances make such extension or shortening necessary.
§13
1
An order pursuant to § 12 shall be served upon the court and prosecutor who ordered the prisoner's imprisonment.
2
The court and prosecutor referred to in paragraph 1 may be present at the hearing.
§14
1 All fact-finding at the hearing shall be carried out in open court in the presence of the prisoner, the custodian, the petitioner, and their counsel.
2
If the petitioner or the prisoner is not represented by counsel, the court shall appoint a practising attorney to represent him.
3
A legal representative within the meaning of 2 may request reimbursement for travel costs, a daily allowance, lodging costs, and reasonable attorney's fees.
§15
1
At the hearing, the Court shall hear the statements in support of the petitioner's petition and the custodian's return, and examine the documentation in support of the petition.
2
The custodian shall provide documentation in support of the alleged cause for imprisonment.
§ 16
1
Based on the hearing, if the Court finds the petition to be unsupported, the Court shall deny the petition and remand the prisoner to the custody of the custodian.
2
In cases to which paragraph 1 applies, the provisions of § 14(2) shall apply accordingly.
3
If the Court finds the petition to be well-founded, the prisoner shall be released immediately by order of the Court.
§17
In proceedings pursuant to §§ 7, 11(1), and 16, the custodian or the petitioner may be ordered to pay all or part of the costs of the proceedings.
§18
If the custodian fails to comply with an order pursuant to § 12(2), the Court may order the arrest of the custodian or require the custodian to pay a fine not to exceed five hundred yen for each day of noncompliance.
§19
If the prisoner states that he intends to retain counsel, the custodian shall inform the lawyer of the prisoner's choosing of such request in a timely manner.
§20
The Court, after receiving a petition pursuant to § 2, or having received a transferred petition, shall immediately inform the Supreme Court, and report to the Supreme Court on all actions taken in regard to such petition and the results of the proceedings.
§21
The decision of a lower court may be appealed to the Supreme Court within three days of the issuance of the decision.
§22
1
If the Supreme Court finds it necessary, it may sua sponte transfer a case currently pending before a lower court, at any stage of the proceedings, and dispose of the matter itself.
2
In the cases to which paragraph 1 is applicable, the Supreme Court may vacate or modify the proceedings or disposition of the lower court.
§23
The Supreme Court may enact such rules as it deems necessary concerning petitions, hearings, proceedings, and any other relevant matter.
§24
If proceedings carried out pursuant to another law are unfavourable to the prisoner, such proceedings shall be void to the extent that they are inconsistent with this Act.
§25
A person who has been granted relief pursuant to this Act may not be again imprisoned for the same cause as the imprisonment from which the proceedings pursuant to this Act arose except by judgment of a court.
§26
Anyone who moves, conceals, hides, or otherwise commits any act which obstructs the granting of relief pursuant to this Act, or makes false statements in a return filed pursuant to § 26 shall be liable to imprisonment at hard labour not to exceed two years or a fine not to exceed fifty thousand yen.
Transitional Provision
This Act shall take effect sixty days from the date of its promulgation.
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