английский => русский Медицина Психология psychiatry

Clinically, the ability to retrieve words is tested by confrontation naming, which entails showing an object or a line drawing of an object (e.g., a fork) to a patient and requesting the correct verbal label. A variety of errors can result, including blocking (i.e., an inability to name), circumlocution (i.e., describing rather than naming the object, such as “you use it to eat”), or substitutions of various types, including semantic (spoon) and literal (pork) paraphasias or neologisms. The familiar “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon occurs when there is an inability to name an object or person but the correct name “feels” as if it is about to become available. Tests of confrontation naming or nominal speech are incorporated into virtually all the standard language batteries (e.g., Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Multilingual Aphasia Examination) as well as commonly used mental status screening measures (e.g., Mini-Mental Status Examination).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1783483/